Virginia-Real-Estate-Salesperson Exam Preparation Material with New Virginia-Real-Estate-Salesperson Dumps Questions [Q74-Q98]

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Virginia-Real-Estate-Salesperson Exam Preparation Material with New Virginia-Real-Estate-Salesperson Dumps Questions

Virginia-Real-Estate-Salesperson 2026 Training With 125 QA’s

NEW QUESTION 74
Who regulates fair housing advertising?

HMDA

HUD

CRA

ECOA

The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) regulates fair housing advertising under the Fair Housing Act (1968).
HUD issues rules on wording, images, and equal housing opportunity statements in ads.
Other agencies:
(A) HMDA (Home Mortgage Disclosure Act) – focuses on lending data, not advertising.
(C) CRA (Community Reinvestment Act) – ensures banks serve all communities fairly.
(D) ECOA (Equal Credit Opportunity Act) – prohibits discrimination in lending, not ads.
Reference:
Fair Housing Act, 42 U.S.C. §3601 et seq.
HUD Fair Housing Advertising Guidelines
Virginia Fair Housing Law (Title 36, Chapter 5.1)

NEW QUESTION 75
What would make claims based on a contract unenforceable?

specific performance, rescission, and forfeiture

the statute of limitations and doctrine of laches

assignment, mediation, and arbitration

mutual assent, lawful objective, and reality of consent

Contract claims may become unenforceable not because they are invalid contracts, but because too much time has passed or a party has delayed action:
Statute of Limitations: Sets a maximum time period within which a lawsuit can be filed. Once expired, the claim is unenforceable.
Doctrine of Laches: An equitable defense where claims are barred if a party unreasonably delays enforcing their rights and that delay prejudices the other party.
Other options:
(A) Specific performance, rescission, and forfeiture are remedies, not reasons for unenforceability.
(C) Assignment, mediation, and arbitration are processes or dispute resolution methods.
(D) Mutual assent, lawful objective, and reality of consent are elements of a valid contract, not reasons for unenforceability.
Reference (Virginia Real Estate):
Code of Virginia § 8.01-243 (Statute of Limitations for contracts)
Virginia Real Estate Principles – Contracts & Enforcement sections
A490-02REGS.pdf – Contract law education content

NEW QUESTION 76
Lola has an easement that allows her to cross her neighbor’s back lot to reach her home. It runs with the land. What kind of easement does Lola have?

easement for light and air

easement in gross

easement by prescription

easement appurtenant

An easement appurtenant:
Attaches to the land and “runs with the land.”
Involves two parcels: a dominant estate (benefited, here Lola’s property) and a servient estate (burdened, neighbor’s lot).
Example: Right-of-way across a neighbor’s property for access.
Other options:
(A) Easement for light and air = very rare.
(B) Easement in gross = benefits a person/entity, not land (e.g., utility easement).
(C) Easement by prescription = acquired through long-term, open, notorious, hostile use (not the case here).
Reference (Virginia Real Estate):
Code of Virginia Title 55.1 – Easements
Virginia Real Estate Principles – Easements and property rights
A490-02REGS.pdf – Property rights curriculum

NEW QUESTION 77
If a partner is only an investor and only has liability up to the amount of their investment, they are considered a:

tenant in common

general partner

tenant in partnership

limited partner

A limited partner contributes capital (investment) but does not participate in day-to-day management.
Their liability is limited to the amount of their investment.
Other options:
(A) Tenant in common – co-ownership, not partnership.
(B) General partner – has unlimited liability and management role.
(C) Tenant in partnership – refers to partnership property rights, not liability protection.
Reference:
Virginia Uniform Partnership Act, Code of Virginia Title 50
Real Estate Principles – Forms of Business Ownership

NEW QUESTION 78
What is a deed containing the strongest and broadest form of guarantee of title?

quitclaim deed

special warranty deed

general warranty deed

bargain and sale deed

A general warranty deed provides the strongest and broadest protection to the grantee (buyer). It guarantees that the grantor holds clear title to the property, free of encumbrances, and covers all claims against the property both before and during the grantor’s ownership.
Quitclaim deed (A): Conveys only whatever interest the grantor has (if any) with no warranties.
Special warranty deed (B): Protects only against claims during the grantor’s ownership.
Bargain and sale deed (D): Implies ownership but provides no warranties against liens or encumbrances.
Therefore, the general warranty deed is the strongest guarantee of title and most commonly used in Virginia residential real estate sales.
Reference (Virginia Real Estate):
Code of Virginia § 55.1-300 et seq. (Deeds)
Virginia Real Estate Board education requirements – Deeds and Transfer of Title A490-02REGS.pdf (Deeds & Title Transfer curriculum)

NEW QUESTION 79
Bobby took out a commercial mortgage to pay for his new podcast studio. It is an interest-only loan of $800,000 with an interest rate of 4.5%. How much will Bobby pay in interest over the year?

$45,000

$36.000

$3,500

$10,500

Reference (Virginia Real Estate Finance):
Real Estate Math section in Virginia Pre-License Education requirements (interest-only loan calculations) A490-02REGS.pdf sections on finance and math competency for licensure

NEW QUESTION 80
The relationship between a property manager and the property owner is most comparable to that of a:

tenant with a landlord

stockholder with the board of directors of a corporation

salesperson with their broker

cashier with the owner of a store

A property manager acts as an agent for the property owner.
The manager owes fiduciary duties to the owner, similar to how a salesperson works under and owes duties to their broker.
Other comparisons:
(A) Tenant/landlord = contractual lease, not fiduciary.
(B) Stockholder/board = ownership vs governance, not agency.
(D) Cashier/store owner = employee/employer, not fiduciary agent.
Reference:
Code of Virginia §54.1-2100 (definitions of brokerage relationships, property management included) Virginia Real Estate Board Regulations (agency and fiduciary duties)

NEW QUESTION 81
What is the difference between assemblage and plottage?

Assemblage involves combining parcels of land, and plottage involves splitting parcels of land.

Assemblage is the first step in creating a new subdivision, and plottage is the second step.

Assemblage is the act of building a new building, and plottage is the act of creating a new parcel of land.

Assemblage is the act of combining parcels of land, and plottage is the resulting increase in value.

Assemblage: The process of combining two or more adjacent parcels of land into one larger parcel.
Plottage: The increase in value that results from assemblage due to the greater utility or economic use of the combined parcel.
Example: Two small lots may be worth $50,000 each separately, but if assembled into one larger parcel, the combined property may be worth $120,000 due to increased development potential.
Reference (Virginia Real Estate):
Virginia Real Estate Principles – Land and Appraisal section
A490-02REGS.pdf – Valuation curriculum

NEW QUESTION 82
Which of the following is a unique quality of limited service agents in Virginia?

Limited service agents can assist in neither residential nor commercial transactions.

Limited service agents can assist in residential transactions ONLY.

Limited service agents can assist in commercial transactions ONLY.

Limited service agents can assist in both residential and commercial transactions.

In Virginia, a limited service agent is a licensee who enters into a brokerage agreement that provides fewer services than a standard brokerage agreement.
The law requires that the agent’s limited duties must be disclosed in writing.
These agents can operate in both residential and commercial transactions, not just one type.
Other options:
(A) Wrong – They can assist in both.
(B) Wrong – Not limited to residential.
(C) Wrong – Not limited to commercial.
Reference:
Code of Virginia §54.1-2138.1 (Limited service agent defined)
Real Estate Board Regulations, 18 VAC 135-20-300

NEW QUESTION 83
Arnav is interested in a residential property because he loves the antique light fixtures installed in every room. Corey is the license holder helping Arnav find a property. Which of the following is MOST TRUE about Corey’s situation?

Corey should specify verbally whether the light fixtures are the seller’s personal property.

Corey should not address the light fixtures, as it is safe to assume light fixtures will convey with the property title.

Corey should mention the light fixtures to his sponsoring broker in case issues come up later.

Corey should specify in writing whether the light fixtures are the seller’s personal property.

Fixtures are items attached to the property and usually transfer with the real estate. Light fixtures are typically considered fixtures, not personal property.
However, disputes can arise if sellers intend to take them.
To avoid ambiguity, the agent should specify in writing in the contract whether fixtures convey.
Other options:
(A) Verbal agreements are unenforceable under the Statute of Frauds.
(B) While fixtures usually convey, assumptions create disputes.
(C) Mentioning it to a broker is insufficient-needs to be in writing in the purchase agreement.
Reference (Virginia Real Estate):
Code of Virginia § 11-2 (Statute of Frauds)
Virginia Real Estate Principles – Fixtures vs. Personal Property
A490-02REGS.pdf – Contracts & property section

NEW QUESTION 84
Siblings Meg and Jack own property together. Meg owns 60% and Jack owns 40%. If Meg dies, her share is inherited by her spouse, not Jack. Based on these facts, what kind of ownership do they have?

ownership in severalty

tenancy in common

tenancy by the entirety

joint tenancy

Key facts:
Meg and Jack own unequal shares (60% vs. 40%).
If Meg dies, her share goes to her spouse, not Jack.
This describes tenancy in common, where:
Co-owners can hold unequal interests.
Each holds an undivided interest in the property.
No right of survivorship-each owner’s share passes to their heirs or will.
Other options:
(A) Severalty = ownership by one person.
(C) Tenancy by the entirety = for married couples only.
(D) Joint tenancy = includes right of survivorship (not present here).
Reference (Virginia Real Estate):
Virginia Code § 55.1-134 (Tenancy in common)
Virginia Real Estate Principles – Ownership section
A490-02REGS.pdf – Estates & Co-ownership curriculum

NEW QUESTION 85
What rights govern the use of flowing water, such as rivers or streams?

riparian rights

percolating rights

appropriative rights

littoral rights

Riparian rights apply to landowners whose property borders flowing water such as rivers or streams. Owners have reasonable rights to use the water, provided it doesn’t harm upstream/downstream users.
Other options:
(B) Percolating rights – apply to underground water.
(C) Appropriative rights – water rights granted by permit (common in western states, not Virginia).
(D) Littoral rights – apply to non-flowing waters (lakes, oceans, seas).
Reference:
Virginia Real Estate Principles & Practices – Water Rights Section
Code of Virginia, Title 62.1 (Waters of the State, Ports and Harbors)

NEW QUESTION 86
A building has an NOI of $130,000 and is being valued with a cap rate of 4%. Using the income approach, what is the value of the building?

$4,130,000

$2.450,000

$3.250,000

$1,300.000

Reference (Virginia Real Estate):
Appraisal section in Virginia Principles & Practices
USPAP income capitalization approach standards
A490-02REGS.pdf – Real Estate Math & Valuation curriculum

NEW QUESTION 87
Which of these is an example of a deed restriction?

The city denies Darren a permit to open a pawn shop in a residential area.

A restriction in one subdivision development specifies that no boats or recreational vehicles may be kept on the street, driveway, or lot.

Demi is required to file an environmental impact statement with the city before building a new subdivision.

Donald is required by the municipal government to have a certain number of bathrooms in his business.

Deed restrictions (also called restrictive covenants) are private restrictions placed in deeds or subdivision rules by developers or homeowners associations.
They control how property can be used (e.g., no RVs, no fences over certain height).
Other options:
(A) City denying permit = zoning regulation (public restriction).
(C) Environmental impact statement = government regulation, not a deed restriction.
(D) Bathroom requirement = building code, not private restriction.
Reference:
Virginia Real Estate Principles & Practices – Land Use Controls (public vs private) Code of Virginia Title 55.1, Chapter 19 (Restrictive Covenants)

NEW QUESTION 88
What is the legal doctrine by which the decedent’s property will pass to the state without their consent if that individual dies without a will, a surviving spouse, lineal descendants, or other known heirs?

police power

eminent domain

escheat

variance

This is the same as Question 100 – likely a duplicate question. Again, the answer is escheat because property without heirs or a will reverts to the state.
Reference (Virginia Real Estate):
Same as Question 100.

NEW QUESTION 89
Your client is buying a home. At closing, they pull you aside and whisper that the documents they’re being asked to sign don’t match the Closing Disclosure – suddenly, there are thousands of dollars of new fees. Is this a red flag for predatory lending? Why or why not?

No. It’s normal for lenders to have significant last-minute changes to their fees.

Yes. The fees should match what was on the Closing Disclosure. Otherwise, that’s a major red flag.

Yes. No client should be paying fees at closing. Those should always be pre-paid to the lender at least three days in advance.

No. As long as the title company has no objections, it doesn’t matter if the Closina Disclosure and the real closina documents match.

Under the TRID Rule (TILA-RESPA Integrated Disclosure), lenders must provide borrowers with a Closing Disclosure (CD) at least 3 business days before closing.
The numbers on the CD and closing documents must match (with very limited tolerance ranges).
Significant last-minute fee increases are a red flag for predatory lending or RESPA/TILA violations.
The client should not sign until discrepancies are resolved.
Reference (Virginia Real Estate & Federal Law):
TRID (12 CFR 1026.19(f))
Virginia Real Estate Principles – Financing and Settlement section
A490-02REGS.pdf – Loan closing requirements

NEW QUESTION 90
Per se violations are:

acts that are NOT considered inherentty illegal

acts that are in violation of the TCPA

acts that are in violation of CAN-SPAM

acts that are considered inherently illegal

In antitrust law, a per se violation is an act that is considered inherently illegal, regardless of intent or outcome.
Examples in real estate:
Price-fixing (brokers agreeing on commission rates).
Market allocation (dividing territories or clients).
Group boycotts (agreeing not to deal with a competitor).
These acts automatically violate the Sherman Antitrust Act without requiring proof of harm.
Other options confuse per se violations with other laws like TCPA (Do Not Call) or CAN-SPAM (email).
Reference (Virginia Real Estate):
Sherman Antitrust Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1-7
Virginia Real Estate Principles – Antitrust section
A490-02REGS.pdf – Professional conduct and antitrust

NEW QUESTION 91
Which of these ownership concepts gives each co-owner the right to possession of the whole property?

sole proprietorship

undivided interest

unity of time

equitable interest

In co-ownership, the principle of undivided interest means each co-owner has:
The right to possess and use the entire property, not just a physical portion.
Equal rights of possession regardless of ownership percentage.
Other options:
Sole proprietorship (A): Single owner, not co-ownership.
Unity of time (C): A required element of joint tenancy but not the concept granting rights to the whole property.
Equitable interest (D): Refers to the rights of a buyer under contract before receiving legal title.
Thus, the correct answer is undivided interest.
Reference:
Virginia Real Estate Principles & Practices (Ownership Section)
Code of Virginia §55.1 (Property & Conveyances)

NEW QUESTION 92
The duty of obedience does not include requests or instructions that are:

not put in writing

ethical and legal but not advisable

unnecessary

illegal or unethical in any way

The fiduciary duty of obedience requires an agent to follow all lawful instructions from their client.
However, the duty does not include following illegal or unethical requests.
Example: A client instructing a licensee to discriminate against buyers or falsify contract terms – the licensee must refuse.
Other options:
(A) Instructions don’t always need to be in writing to be valid.
(B) Ethical but unwise requests still require obedience.
(C) “Unnecessary” instructions are subjective and not an exception.
Reference (Virginia Real Estate):
Code of Virginia § 54.1-2131 (Duties of licensees)
Virginia Real Estate Principles – Fiduciary duties section
A490-02REGS.pdf – Agency & fiduciary responsibilities

NEW QUESTION 93
According to the Virginia Residential Landlord Tenant Act (VRLTA) what is the maximum amount a landlord may keep as a security deposit?

two months’ rent

one month’s rent

six months’ rent

$2,000

Under the Virginia Residential Landlord and Tenant Act (VRLTA), a landlord may not demand or receive a security deposit exceeding the equivalent of two months’ rent.
Deposit must be returned (with allowable deductions) within 45 days after lease termination.
This protects tenants from excessive deposits while allowing landlords some coverage for damages.
Other options:
(A) One month = incorrect, law allows more.
(C) $2,000 = not specified in law.
(D) Six months = excessive and prohibited.
Reference (Virginia Real Estate):
Virginia Code § 55.1-1226 (Security deposits)
Virginia Residential Landlord Tenant Act (VRLTA)
A490-02REGS.pdf – Landlord-tenant curriculum

NEW QUESTION 94
Peter and Ned co-own a type of real estate business together. This business is legally treated the same as a single person, meaning it is technically ownership in severalty. Peter and Ned are also not liable for the organization’s debt. What type of business do Peter and Ned own?

corporation

limited partnership

general partnership

sole proprietorship

A corporation is a legal entity separate from its owners.
Treated as a single legal “person” (ownership in severalty).
Provides limited liability to owners (shareholders) – they are not personally liable for corporate debts.
Other options:
(B) Limited partnership – only some partners have limited liability.
(C) General partnership – partners share unlimited liability.
(D) Sole proprietorship – single owner, no liability protection.
Reference:
Virginia Stock Corporation Act, Code of Virginia Title 13.1
Real Estate Principles & Practices – Business Ownership Structures

NEW QUESTION 95
John is a landlord. He has an applicant for an apartment who uses a cane. John tells her that she should go to the complex across the street, as they have more first-floor units available, and he doesn’t want her to have to climb the stairs in his building. She thanks him for the tip. Evaluate.

John steered the applicant, which is never okay, even if she expressed appreciation.

John did nothing wrong. He simply evaluated the applicant and tried to do what was best for her.

John steered the applicant, but it was okay since she expressed appreciation.

John steered the applicant, which was a risky move, but it paid off this time.

Steering is the illegal practice of guiding prospective tenants or buyers to (or away from) certain properties based on protected characteristics (disability, race, religion, etc.).
John assumed the applicant’s disability limited her housing choices and discouraged her from renting his unit.
Even if his intention was good and the applicant appreciated it, this constitutes disability discrimination under the Fair Housing Act.
Other options suggesting it was “okay” are incorrect because discrimination does not depend on intent or on whether the applicant objected.
Reference (Virginia Real Estate):
Federal Fair Housing Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 3601-3619
Virginia Fair Housing Law, Code of Virginia Title 36, Ch. 5.1
A490-02REGS.pdf – Fair housing compliance

NEW QUESTION 96
Marie agreed to a contract in which she can lease a house for a period of two years and then has the option to buy the home if she can secure financing. What type of contract is this?

cooperative sales contract

sales contract with a contingency

land trust

lease-option agreement

A lease-option agreement combines a lease with an option to purchase:
Tenant leases the property for a specified time (in this case, 2 years).
Tenant has the option, but not the obligation, to purchase the property, usually at a pre-agreed price, if financing is secured.
Other options:
(A) Cooperative sales contract = applies to co-ops, not individual houses.
(B) Sales contract with contingency = binding contract, not an option.
(C) Land trust = ownership vehicle, not a lease-purchase structure.
Reference (Virginia Real Estate):
Code of Virginia Title 55.1 – Contracts and leases
Virginia Real Estate Principles – Lease and Option contracts
A490-02REGS.pdf – Contracts curriculum

NEW QUESTION 97
The subject property has a pool valued at $30,000 and two bathrooms valued at $10,000 each. Comp 1 does not have a pool and has one less bathroom than the subject property.
What adjustments should be made to Comp 1’s value?

subtract $40,000 from Comp 1’s value

subtract $20,000 from Comp 1’s value

add $40,000 to Comp 1’s value

add $20,000 to Comp 1’s value

NEW QUESTION 98
What does the VRLTA aim to do?

regulate landlord maintenance practices for industrial warehouses across the United States

monitor commercial leasing practices in Virginia

establish uniform laws to regulate leasehold interests and improve leasing practices in Virginia

regulate owner-occupied REO properties in Virginia

The Virginia Residential Landlord and Tenant Act (VRLTA) was enacted to:
Establish uniform standards for rental housing in Virginia.
Govern leasehold interests in residential property.
Clarify landlord and tenant rights/responsibilities.
Improve rental practices, reduce disputes, and ensure fairness.
Other options:
(A) Wrong – VRLTA applies to Virginia residential properties, not industrial warehouses nationwide.
(B) Wrong – It does not apply to commercial leasing.
(D) Wrong – It does not regulate REO or owner-occupied property.
Reference:
Code of Virginia, Title 55.1, Chapter 12 – Virginia Residential Landlord and Tenant Act (VRLTA) Virginia Real Estate Board CE Curriculum – Landlord & Tenant Law

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