Latest Apr 05, 2024 Professional-Data-Engineer Brain Dump A Study Guide with Tips & Tricks for passing Exam [Q42-Q59]

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Latest Apr 05, 2024 Professional-Data-Engineer Brain Dump: A Study Guide with Tips & Tricks for passing Exam

Professional-Data-Engineer Question Bank: Free PDF Download Recently Updated Questions

Google Certified Professional Data Engineer exam is a certification that validates the skills and knowledge of data engineers in designing and managing data processing systems on the Google Cloud Platform. Google Certified Professional Data Engineer Exam certification is designed for individuals with experience in data processing, analysis, and transformation, who are seeking to demonstrate their proficiency in Google Cloud technologies and data engineering best practices.

NEW QUESTION 42
You have a petabyte of analytics data and need to design a storage and processing platform for it. You must be able to perform data warehouse-style analytics on the data in Google Cloud and expose the dataset as files for batch analysis tools in other cloud providers. What should you do?

Store and process the entire dataset in BigQuery.

Store and process the entire dataset in Cloud Bigtable.

Store the full dataset in BigQuery, and store a compressed copy of the data in a Cloud Storage bucket.

Store the warm data as files in Cloud Storage, and store the active data in BigQuery. Keep this ratio as
80% warm and 20% active.

NEW QUESTION 43
What are two of the benefits of using denormalized data structures in BigQuery?

Reduces the amount of data processed, reduces the amount of storage required

Increases query speed, makes queries simpler

Reduces the amount of storage required, increases query speed

Reduces the amount of data processed, increases query speed

Denormalization increases query speed for tables with billions of rows because BigQuery’s performance degrades when doing JOINs on large tables, but with a denormalized data structure, you don’t have to use JOINs, since all of the data has been combined into one table. Denormalization also makes queries simpler because you do not have to use JOIN clauses.
Denormalization increases the amount of data processed and the amount of storage required because it creates redundant data.
Reference:
https://cloud.google.com/solutions/bigquery-data-warehouse#denormalizing_data

NEW QUESTION 44
Which TensorFlow function can you use to configure a categorical column if you don’t know all of the possible values for that column?

categorical_column_with_vocabulary_list

categorical_column_with_hash_bucket

categorical_column_with_unknown_values

sparse_column_with_keys

If you know the set of all possible feature values of a column and there are only a few of them, you can use categorical_column_with_vocabulary_list. Each key in the list will get assigned an auto-incremental ID starting from 0.
What if we don’t know the set of possible values in advance? Not a problem. We can use categorical_column_with_hash_bucket instead. What will happen is that each possible value in the feature column occupation will be hashed to an integer ID as we encounter them in training.
Reference: https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials/wide

NEW QUESTION 45
You have created an external table for Apache Hive partitioned data that resides in a Cloud Storage bucket, which contains a large number of files. You notice that queries against this table are slow You want to improve the performance of these queries What should you do?

Migrate the Hive partitioned data objects to a multi-region Cloud Storage bucket.

Create an individual external table for each Hive partition by using a common table name prefix Use wildcard table queries to reference the partitioned data.

Change the storage class of the Hive partitioned data objects from Coldline to Standard.

Upgrade the external table to a BigLake table Enable metadata caching for the table.

BigLake is a Google Cloud service that allows you to query structured data in external data stores such as Cloud Storage, Amazon S3, and Azure Blob Storage with access delegation and governance. BigLake tables extend the capabilities of BigQuery to data lakes and enable a flexible, open lakehouse architecture. By upgrading an external table to a BigLake table, you can improve the performance of your queries by leveraging the BigQuery storage API, which supports data format conversion, predicate pushdown, column projection, and metadata caching. Metadata caching reduces the number of requests to the external data store and speeds up query execution. To upgrade an external table to a BigLake table, you can use the ALTER TABLE statement with the SET OPTIONS clause and specify the enable_metadata_caching option as true.
For example:
SQL
ALTER TABLE hive_partitioned_data
SET OPTIONS (
enable_metadata_caching=true
);
AI-generated code. Review and use carefully. More info on FAQ.
References:
* Introduction to BigLake tables
* Upgrade an external table to BigLake
* BigQuery storage API

NEW QUESTION 46
Which of these statements about BigQuery caching is true?

By default, a query’s results are not cached.

BigQuery caches query results for 48 hours.

Query results are cached even if you specify a destination table.

There is no charge for a query that retrieves its results from cache.

When query results are retrieved from a cached results table, you are not charged for the query.
BigQuery caches query results for 24 hours, not 48 hours.
Query results are not cached if you specify a destination table.
A query’s results are always cached except under certain conditions, such as if you specify a destination table.
Reference: https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/querying-data#query-caching

NEW QUESTION 47
You need to create a near real-time inventory dashboard that reads the main inventory tables in your BigQuery data warehouse. Historical inventory data is stored as inventory balances by item and location. You have several thousand updates to inventory every hour. You want to maximize performance of the dashboard and ensure that the data is accurate. What should you do?

Leverage BigQuery UPDATE statements to update the inventory balances as they are changing.

Partition the inventory balance table by item to reduce the amount of data scanned with each inventory update.

Use the BigQuery streaming the stream changes into a daily inventory movement table. Calculate balances in a view that joins it to the historical inventory balance table. Update the inventory balance table nightly.

Use the BigQuery bulk loader to batch load inventory changes into a daily inventory movement table.
Calculate balances in a view that joins it to the historical inventory balance table. Update the inventory balance table nightly.

NEW QUESTION 48
Which of these are examples of a value in a sparse vector? (Select 2 answers.)

[0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0]

[0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1]

[0, 1]

[1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]

Categorical features in linear models are typically translated into a sparse vector in which each possible value has a corresponding index or id. For example, if there are only three possible eye colors you can represent ‘eye_color’ as a length 3 vector: ‘brown’ would become [1, 0, 0], ‘blue’ would become [0, 1, 0] and ‘green’ would become [0, 0, 1]. These vectors are called “sparse” because they may be very long, with many zeros, when the set of possible values is very large (such as all English words).
[0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1] is not a sparse vector because it has two 1s in it. A sparse vector contains only a single 1.
[0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0] is not a sparse vector because it has a 5 in it. Sparse vectors only contain
0 s and 1s.
Reference:
https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials/linear#feature_columns_and_transformations

NEW QUESTION 49
Which of the following statements about Legacy SQL and Standard SQL is not true?

Standard SQL is the preferred query language for BigQuery.

If you write a query in Legacy SQL, it might generate an error if you try to run it with Standard SQL.

One difference between the two query languages is how you specify fully-qualified table names (i.e.
table names that include their associated project name).

You need to set a query language for each dataset and the default is Standard SQL.

You do not set a query language for each dataset. It is set each time you run a query and the default query language is Legacy SQL.
Standard SQL has been the preferred query language since BigQuery 2.0 was released. In legacy SQL, to query a table with a project-qualified name, you use a colon, :, as a separator. In standard SQL, you use a period, ., instead.
Due to the differences in syntax between the two query languages (such as with project-qualified table names), if you write a query in Legacy SQL, it might generate an error if you try to run it with Standard SQL.
Reference:
https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/migrating-from-legacy-sql

NEW QUESTION 50
By default, which of the following windowing behavior does Dataflow apply to unbounded data sets?

Windows at every 100 MB of data

Single, Global Window

Windows at every 1 minute

Windows at every 10 minutes

Dataflow’s default windowing behavior is to assign all elements of a PCollection to a single, global window, even for unbounded PCollections Reference: https://cloud.google.com/dataflow/model/pcollection

NEW QUESTION 51
You are using Google BigQuery as your data warehouse. Your users report that the following simple query is running very slowly, no matter when they run the query:
SELECT country, state, city FROM [myproject:mydataset.mytable] GROUP BY country You check the query plan for the query and see the following output in the Read section of Stage:1:

What is the most likely cause of the delay for this query?

Users are running too many concurrent queries in the system

The [myproject:mydataset.mytable] table has too many partitions

Either the state or the city columns in the [myproject:mydataset.mytable]table have too many NULL values

Most rows in the [myproject:mydataset.mytable]table have the same value in the country column, causing data skew

NEW QUESTION 52
How would you query specific partitions in a BigQuery table?

Use the DAY column in the WHERE clause

Use the EXTRACT(DAY) clause

Use the __PARTITIONTIME pseudo-column in the WHERE clause

Use DATE BETWEEN in the WHERE clause

Explanation
Partitioned tables include a pseudo column named _PARTITIONTIME that contains a date-based timestamp for data loaded into the table. To limit a query to particular partitions (such as Jan 1st and 2nd of 2017), use a clause similar to this:
WHERE _PARTITIONTIME BETWEEN TIMESTAMP(‘2017-01-01’) AND TIMESTAMP(‘2017-01-02’) Reference: https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/partitioned-tables#the_partitiontime_pseudo_column

NEW QUESTION 53
You operate a database that stores stock trades and an application that retrieves average stock price for a given company over an adjustable window of time. The data is stored in Cloud Bigtable where the datetime of the stock trade is the beginning of the row key. Your application has thousands of concurrent users, and you notice that performance is starting to degrade as more stocks are added. What should you do to improve the performance of your application?

Change the row key syntax in your Cloud Bigtable table to begin with the stock symbol.

Change the row key syntax in your Cloud Bigtable table to begin with a random number per second.

Change the data pipeline to use BigQuery for storing stock trades, and update your application.

Use Cloud Dataflow to write summary of each day’s stock trades to an Avro file on Cloud Storage. Update your application to read from Cloud Storage and Cloud Bigtable to compute the responses.

NEW QUESTION 54
Which SQL keyword can be used to reduce the number of columns processed by BigQuery?

BETWEEN

WHERE

SELECT

LIMIT

Explanation
SELECT allows you to query specific columns rather than the whole table.
LIMIT, BETWEEN, and WHERE clauses will not reduce the number of columns processed by BigQuery.
Reference:
https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/launch-checklist#architecture_design_and_development_checklist

NEW QUESTION 55
Which is the preferred method to use to avoid hotspotting in time series data in Bigtable?

Field promotion

Randomization

Salting

Hashing

By default, prefer field promotion. Field promotion avoids hotspotting in almost all cases, and it tends to make it easier to design a row key that facilitates queries.

NEW QUESTION 56
Flowlogistic is rolling out their real-time inventory tracking system. The tracking devices will all send package-tracking messages, which will now go to a single Google Cloud Pub/Sub topic instead of the Apache Kafka cluster. A subscriber application will then process the messages for real-time reporting and store them in Google BigQuery for historical analysis. You want to ensure the package data can be analyzed over time.
Which approach should you take?

Attach the timestamp on each message in the Cloud Pub/Sub subscriber application as they are received.

Attach the timestamp and Package ID on the outbound message from each publisher device as they are sent to Clod Pub/Sub.

Use the NOW () function in BigQuery to record the event’s time.

Use the automatically generated timestamp from Cloud Pub/Sub to order the data.

Topic 2, MJTelco Case Study
Company Overview
MJTelco is a startup that plans to build networks in rapidly growing, underserved markets around the world.
The company has patents for innovative optical communications hardware. Based on these patents, they can create many reliable, high-speed backbone links with inexpensive hardware.
Company Background
Founded by experienced telecom executives, MJTelco uses technologies originally developed to overcome communications challenges in space. Fundamental to their operation, they need to create a distributed data infrastructure that drives real-time analysis and incorporates machine learning to continuously optimize their topologies. Because their hardware is inexpensive, they plan to overdeploy the network allowing them to account for the impact of dynamic regional politics on location availability and cost.
Their management and operations teams are situated all around the globe creating many-to-many relationship between data consumers and provides in their system. After careful consideration, they decided public cloud is the perfect environment to support their needs.
Solution Concept
MJTelco is running a successful proof-of-concept (PoC) project in its labs. They have two primary needs:
* Scale and harden their PoC to support significantly more data flows generated when they ramp to more than 50,000 installations.
* Refine their machine-learning cycles to verify and improve the dynamic models they use to control topology definition.
MJTelco will also use three separate operating environments – development/test, staging, and production – to meet the needs of running experiments, deploying new features, and serving production customers.
Business Requirements
* Scale up their production environment with minimal cost, instantiating resources when and where needed in an unpredictable, distributed telecom user community.
* Ensure security of their proprietary data to protect their leading-edge machine learning and analysis.
* Provide reliable and timely access to data for analysis from distributed research workers
* Maintain isolated environments that support rapid iteration of their machine-learning models without affecting their customers.
Technical Requirements
Ensure secure and efficient transport and storage of telemetry data
Rapidly scale instances to support between 10,000 and 100,000 data providers with multiple flows each.
Allow analysis and presentation against data tables tracking up to 2 years of data storing approximately 100m records/day Support rapid iteration of monitoring infrastructure focused on awareness of data pipeline problems both in telemetry flows and in production learning cycles.
CEO Statement
Our business model relies on our patents, analytics and dynamic machine learning. Our inexpensive hardware is organized to be highly reliable, which gives us cost advantages. We need to quickly stabilize our large distributed data pipelines to meet our reliability and capacity commitments.
CTO Statement
Our public cloud services must operate as advertised. We need resources that scale and keep our data secure.
We also need environments in which our data scientists can carefully study and quickly adapt our models.
Because we rely on automation to process our data, we also need our development and test environments to work as we iterate.
CFO Statement
The project is too large for us to maintain the hardware and software required for the data and analysis. Also, we cannot afford to staff an operations team to monitor so many data feeds, so we will rely on automation and infrastructure. Google Cloud’s machine learning will allow our quantitative researchers to work on our high-value problems instead of problems with our data pipelines.

NEW QUESTION 57
You are building a new application that you need to collect data from in a scalable way. Data arrives continuously from the application throughout the day, and you expect to generate approximately 150 GB of JSON data per day by the end of the year. Your requirements are:
* Decoupling producer from consumer
* Space and cost-efficient storage of the raw ingested data, which is to be stored indefinitely
* Near real-time SQL query
* Maintain at least 2 years of historical data, which will be queried with SQ Which pipeline should you use to meet these requirements?

Create an application that provides an API. Write a tool to poll the API and write data to Cloud Storage as gzipped JSON files.

Create an application that writes to a Cloud SQL database to store the data. Set up periodic exports of the database to write to Cloud Storage and load into BigQuery.

Create an application that publishes events to Cloud Pub/Sub, and create Spark jobs on Cloud Dataproc to convert the JSON data to Avro format, stored on HDFS on Persistent Disk.

Create an application that publishes events to Cloud Pub/Sub, and create a Cloud Dataflow pipeline that transforms the JSON event payloads to Avro, writing the data to Cloud Storage and BigQuery.

NEW QUESTION 58
You have a petabyte of analytics data and need to design a storage and processing platform for it. You must be able to perform data warehouse-style analytics on the data in Google Cloud and expose the dataset as files for batch analysis tools in other cloud providers. What should you do?

Store and process the entire dataset in BigQuery.

Store and process the entire dataset in Cloud Bigtable.

Store the full dataset in BigQuery, and store a compressed copy of the data in a Cloud Storage bucket.

Store the warm data as files in Cloud Storage, and store the active data in BigQuery. Keep this ratio as 80% warm and 20% active.

NEW QUESTION 59
You have a query that filters a BigQuery table using a WHERE clause on timestamp and ID columns. By using bq query -dry_run you learn that the query triggers a full scan of the table, even though the filter on timestamp and ID select a tiny fraction of the overall data. You want to reduce the amount of data scanned by BigQuery with minimal changes to existing SQL queries. What should you do?

Create a separate table for each ID.

Use the LIMIT keyword to reduce the number of rows returned.

Recreate the table with a partitioning column and clustering column.

Use the bq query – -maximum_bytes_billed flag to restrict the number of bytes billed.

https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/best-practices-costs

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Latest Apr 05, 2024 Professional-Data-Engineer Brain Dump A Study Guide with Tips & Tricks for passing Exam [Q42-Q59]